Vertebrate - Wikipedia. Muscle weakness or heaviness in your arms or legs. Treatment for spinal fractures depends on the type. The atlas (C1 vertebra) differs from the other cervical vertebrae in that it does not have a body, but instead consists of bony ring formed by the anterior and posterior arches. Bony structures and ligaments of the sacrum and coccyx. Fractured vertebrae are usually caused by osteoporosis and traumas like falls, sports. Vertebrates have a skeletal structure with a spinal column or backbone. They act as supporting structures that hold the vertebrae of the spine together. The seven bones stacked upon one another form a bony tunnel for your spinal cord to travel through. For minimally invasive spinal fusion, you’ll be given medicine (general anesthesia) to put you asleep. The C6 vertebra is also known as the sixth cervical vertebra. The. The C1 vertebra, aka the atlas, supports the skull at the atlanto-occipital joint (see Image. The most comprehensive database of medicines available in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia and IndiaThe cervical spine is much more mobile than the thoracic or lumbar regions of the spine. AP : anteroposterior LSTV : lumbosacral transitional vertebra. The fifth lumbar spine vertebrae (L5) is part of the greater lumbar region. Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. The region between the spinous process and the transverse process is called the lamina. The body is the main weight-bearing region of a vertebra, making up the bulk of the bone’s. T12 spinal cord injury patients generally have full function in their upper limbs and trunk. Cartilage has good regenerative capacity, while most epithelial tissues do not. Cracking in the outer edge of the disks can cause the gel-like center to break through. [2][3] Each inter-vertebral segment has also been shown to. The spinal column consists of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. When the bones in your spine (vertebrae) collapse, you have a compression fracture of the back. At the back, the S1 vertebra contains a long bony prominence called the median ridge. One of the most important things that can be done for a T12 compression fracture is to seek. The vertebra prominens is the last bone in the cervical spinal column group. Spine Center. L5 has the largest body and transverse processes of all vertebrae. After that point, nerve roots exit each of the remaining. Except for the front and back of the vertebra, crush fractures are the same as wedge fractures. Each vertebra is separated from the other by an. T1’s spinous process projects at a more downward angle and may not be as prominent. Anterior components of the typical cervical vertebra 1: body. The T4 vertebra has the smallest diameter moving caudally; the spinal canal diameter from T3-T11 remains relatively stable at 15 mm. 'Vertebrae' is the plural form of the word. Injuries to this area can affect bowel and bladder control, as well as sexual function, especially in men. Anatomy and Function of the Spine. Compression fractures are typically diagnosed by lateral radiography of the vertebral column, with or without anteroposterior views. The T12 vertebra is the twelfth thoracic vertebra in the spine of the human body. 2. The sacrum is a triangular-shaped bone and consists of five segments (S1-S5) that are fused together. The human backbone is a column of 33. What structure is present on the second cervical vertebra (C2 or axis) that allows you to rotate your neck to say "no"? Dens (odontoid process) What does the first cervical vertebra (C1 or atlas) lack? Spinous process. The lumbar spine connects with the thoracic spine above at the thoracolumbar junction and the sacral spine below at the lumbosacral joint. Vertebrae, apart from those that are atypical, have a similar basic structure which can be described as an anterior vertebral body and a posterior neural (or vertebral) arch. The bony ring that is attached to the back of the vertebral body remains largely unphased. The bones in the skull are crushed against each other, resulting in crush fractures. As with other spinal vertebrae, the T8 primarily protects and encases the spinal cord. The two main types of injuries to the spinal bones (vertebrae) are fractures and dislocations. Between each vertebra is a soft, gel-like cushion called a disc that helps absorb pressure and keeps the bones from rubbing against each other. The zygapophyseal joints extend between the axis (C2) and the first sacral vertebra (S1). Vertegra 24MG x 100’s tablet ( white ) Indication. the spinous process is long and slender and projects downward and backward. A typical vertebra also contains four articular processes, two superior and two inferior, which contact the inferior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae, respectively. body is somewhat heart-shaped. All of the following bones are involved in forming the orbits except: Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like To protect the spinal cord, The hyoid, Their body consists of paired pedicles and laminae. While classified as peripheral nerves, the motor cell body resides in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The seventh cervical vertebra, also called the vertebra prominens, is commonly considered a unique vertebra and has the most prominent spinous process. 28361323. The extent and type of sacralization varies widely from person to. A spinal fracture is a dislocation or fracture of the vertebrae (backbone) and can occur anywhere along the spine. Features like septae, a number of general characteristics, foramina, and pores. Cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (CVCM or CVM) is a developmental defect of the vertebrae in the neck (cervical vertebrae) that causes narrowing of the spaces in the spine. Vertebra definition: . decreased mobility. The atlas has correspondingly shaped condyles for articulation with the occiput. hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward postion. The lumbar cord is situated between T9 and T11 vertebrae. 9 hours ago · Ozzy Osbourne is opening up about whether he has a fear of dying and the setbacks from a recent back surgery that led to the discovery of a tumor in one of the. The thoracic cage takes the form of a domed bird cage with the horizontal bars formed by ribs and. and more. Loss of bladder or bowel control. Pig skeleton anatomy. The atlas articulates with the dens from the axis. Inferiorly, to anchor the rib to its respective thoracic vertebra (i. The five vertebrae consist of L1 to L5, which stands for lumbar one. A brace may decrease your pain, and help your vertebrae heal. Parts of a Typical Vertebra. Spondylolysis is a weakness or stress fracture in one of the vertebrae, the small bones that make up the spinal column. The skeleton is the central structure of the body and is made up of bones, joints and cartilage. L2 – L4: These vertebrae are the middle of the lumbar spine. Synonyms: Chest wall. The development of a beak has. Treatment for a T3 compression fracture typically includes rest, ice. You may experience symptoms such as poor. Bird anatomy, or the physiological structure of birds' bodies, shows many unique adaptations, mostly aiding flight. More specifically, they are plane synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes on adjoining vertebrae. Vertebral hemangiomas are observed throughout any age, although most are diagnosed in people within their 50s alongside a higher presence in females with a 1:1. Symptomatic hemangiomas are less than 1% of all hemangiomas, and are more. Each vertebra (pl. These maintain vertebral alignment, control the range of. It is part of the spinal column, which supports the top of the human… READ MOREThe C1 vertebra, also called atlas, is shaped like a ring. Nucleoplasty, also called plasma disk decompression. See moreVertegra 24MG x 100’s. mandible bone. Structure a Reflection of Function [edit | edit source]determine that an isolated vertebra is a middle trunk UF14444, UF18396, UF32545, UF32557, UF35130, specimen of an adult individual, the most diagnostic of UF37513, UF41510, UF53428, UF56113, UF99060); and all the trunk vertebrae even though these too exhibit some Sistrurus miliarius (Zooafchaeology: Z1301, Z1780; variation. Neck pain and fatigue also are common. C) short bone. When viewed from the side, the spine has an S-shape. Anatomical terms of bone. This type of fracture can occur in a head-on car collision when the upper body is thrown forward while the pelvis is stabilized by a lap seat belt. [1] However, the term atlas was first used by the ancient Romans for. Treatment for a broken neck is directed by the severity of the break: For a break that doesn’t affect the spinal cord, a simple neck brace and rest with some pain management is preferred. Spinal anatomy. : 578 It results in a limited ability to move the neck and shortness of the neck, resulting in the appearance of a low hairline. The first vertebra, called C1 or atlas, can be found at the base of your skull and is responsible for holding your head upright. The spinal cord in this region has protection from five durable and mobile vertebrae (L1-L5) that allow for the dispersion of axial forces. It is important to understand that the spinal cord does not extend beyond the lumbar spine. This is done to eliminate painful motion or to restore stability to the spine. The spinal nerves innervate the skin and the muscles of a specific region. Depending on the number of thoracic vertebrae, lumbar. Preventing movement helps to prevent pain. The thoracic vertebrae are bones located between the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. While in the medial aspect, the odontoid process of axis or dens articulates with an anterior arch of the axis as the median atlantoaxial joint. Sacralization is a common congenital irregularity where the fifth vertebra is fused to the sacrum bone at the bottom of the spine. The vertebral column is part of the axial skeleton. This reflects the importance of the vertebral artery for the human organism. Key components of the C6 vertebra include a vertebral body, a vertebral arch, 2 transverse processes, a spinous process, and a pair of facet joints. C1 fractures: a review of diagnoses, management. Ligaments connect bones to bones; tendons connect muscles to bones. The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals. Vertebra L5 is the most common site of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Compression fractures of the T6 vertebra can cause pain, numbness, and weakness in the upper body. g. In adults, the five sacral vertebrae fuse to form a single bone, the sacrum, and the four rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae fuse to form the coccyx. Associati. Shop men's and women's clothing on Grailed, the platform for personal style. It is part of the spinal column, which supports the top of the human…. A dermatome is the area of sensory nerves near the skin that are supplied by a specific spinal nerve root. The condition is sometimes known as roundback or — in the case of a severe curve — as hunchback. Each vertebra articulates with its neighbour at five different points: first, at the contact point between the main, central bodies of the bones (centra), which is a ball-and-socket joint; then at two projections (prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses) from the centra, with articulating surfaces that lie above and below; and finally the. : sacra or sacrums [1] ), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) between ages 18 and 30. Vertebra Etymology [edit] Borrowing from Latin vertebra (“ a joint ”), from vertō (“ to turn ”) + -bra (instrumental nominal suffix). The most common type of vertebral fracture is called a compression fracture. As noted, the Sooke is Latest Oligocene-Earliest Miocene and known for early mysticetes (back when they had teeth). If the. The neck, also called the cervical spine, is a well-engineered structure of bones, nerves, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. The skeletal system of the horse is a skeletal system of a horse that has three major functions in the body. These. At the T12 vertebra, the spinal canal diameter increases to an average of 18 mm. e. Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are a relatively common variant and can be seen in ~25% (range 15-35%) of the general population 1-3. The cervical spine’s major functions include supporting and cushioning loads to the head/neck while allowing for rotation, and protecting the spinal cord extending from the brain. Its members include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The thickness, compressibility and elasticity of the IV discs are features that primarily permit movements of the vertebral column. L5-S1 is the exact spot where the lumbar spine ends and the sacral spine begins. Spondylolisthesis is a condition involving instability, which means the vertebrae move more than they should. Thoracic as T1, T2, etc. Seven processes arise from each vertebra. [ edit on Wikidata] In anatomy, the axis (from Latin axis, "axle") or epistropheus is the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine, immediately inferior to the atlas, upon which the head rests. Vertebroplasty is a procedure that involves injecting cement into vertebrae, the bones that make up your spine. Red B: the joint between the quadrate and the supratemporal. All of the following statements accurately describe the auditory ossicles except: The temporal bones. When feeling the back of the neck, the C7 vertebra’s spinous process (bony hump) sticks out more than the other cervical vertebrae. There are 12 thoracic spinal nerve root pairs (two at each thoracic vertebral level), starting at. The column runs from the cranium to. Cervical spinal nerves, also called cervical nerves, provide functional control and sensation to different parts of the body based on the spinal level where they branch out from the spinal cord. Symptoms such as pain, numbness, or weakness in the arms, hands, legs, or feet can come on gradually or more suddenly, depending on the cause. The cervical spine is the most superior portion of the vertebral column, lying between the cranium and the thoracic vertebrae. Therefore, there are 12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves, 5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves,. This injury causes severe pain, spine instability, and sometimes nerve compression, making daily activities difficult. plural of vertebra specialized 2. Within the different regions of the vertebral column, vertebrae vary in size and shape, but they all follow a similar structural pattern. The two transverse processes of each vertebra function as the site of attachment for muscles. This often happens to the front of the vertebrae but not the back, causing you to stoop forward over. For example, the fifth lumbar vertebra (which is most inferior one, located beneath the fourth lumbar vertebra) is called the L5 vertebra. The C1, or first cervical vertebra, is commonly called the atlas due to its unique position in the spine. Injuries from these accidents can range from mild muscle and ligament strains to more serious fractures. The meaning of VERTEBRA is one of the bony or cartilaginous segments composing the spinal column, consisting in some lower vertebrates of several distinct elements which never become united, and in higher vertebrates having a short more or less cylindrical body whose ends articulate by pads of elastic or cartilaginous tissue with those of adjacent vertebrae and a bony arch that encloses the. It is essentially a welding process. It connects to the base of the skull, forming the atlanto-occipital joint. The commonest of these would be a "compression fracture" of a vertebra (where one of the vertebrae gets squashed by the vertebra above it and fractures) which is usually caused by osteoporosis. Symptoms. During spinal fusion, a surgeon places bone or a bonelike material in the space between two spinal bones. A real-time system was developed to identify the vertebral level from a sequence of ultrasound images, following a clinical imaging. The cylindrical body of the vertebra is a stacking agent; in other words, the spinal column is made up of the 24 vertebrae, which are stacked one on top of the other. Spinal nerve pain from C7 may be treated with steroid injections in the epidural space, around the C7 nerve itself, or injections into the facet joint of the C6 and C7 vertebrae. Others may have back and leg pain that ranges from. When the broken vertebra puts pressure on the spinal cord and nearby nerves, or if the vertebra dislocates, it is an emergency medical situation. The disc and vertebra above and below the disc comprise one segment of the spine - usually called a spinal level or spinal segment. Brain. It may happen anywhere along the spine, but is most common in the lower back. The lumbar vertebra consists of five larger vertebrae. The discs throughout the spine have three primary functions: They act as a shock absorbers in the spine, positioned between each bony vertebra. Most thoracic spine fractures are due to accidents, such as an automobile accident, a fall or sports injury. Figure 7. Your spine is made up of bones called vertebrae that are stacked on top of each other. In humans, they are a series of 33 bonesthat run from the base of the skull to the coccyx. Your lumbar spine consists of the five bones (vertebra) in your lower back. A T3 compression fracture is a type of vertebral fracture that occurs in the upper part of the spine, at the level of the third thoracic vertebra. Furthermore, it prevents further bone collapse by protecting the vertebra. Amphicoelias ( / ˌæmfɪˈsiːliəs /, meaning "biconcave", from the Greek ἀμφί, amphi: "on both sides", and κοῖλος, koilos: "hollow, concave") is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur that lived approximately 150 million years ago during the Tithonian ( Late Jurassic Period) of what is now Colorado, United States. Buy, sell and discover authenticated pieces from top brands, spanning designer, vintage, streetwear and more. The C5 vertebra is significant for determining the severity of neck and spinal injury. The vertebrae enclose and protect the spinal cord. The hypothalamus is directly superior to the pituitary and is, therefore, ________. Spinal Discs. When a bone bursts through the skin and the underlying bone, a burst fracture. Check if you have spondylolisthesis. The atlas (C1 vertebra) differs from the other cervical vertebrae in that it does not have a body, but instead consists of bony ring formed by the anterior and posterior arches. The lumbar vertebrae are, in human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis. Among all the vertebrae, the L5 lumbar vertebra is the largest. The C5 spinal vertebra is the fifth vertebra from the top of the column. There are a good number of physical measurements which must be taken and at least 14 vertebra features looked at. C3-C7 are more classic vertebrae, having a body, pedicles, laminae, spinous processes, and facet joints. The movements occurring in this joint are mostly flexion and extension, and a minimal degree of lateral flexion. It becomes larger from the cervical vertebra (C2) to the lumbar vertebra (L5). A vertebral wedge fracture is when one side of your vertebra collapses, usually the front side. A single bone in your spine is a vertebra — vertebrae is the plural form. Definition/Description. It is part of the spinal column, which supports the top of the human…. Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone inside their body. ] Any of the 33 bony segments of the spinal column: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae. In tailless primates (e. They have large, kidney-shaped vertebral bodies, triangular vertebral foramen, and short spinous processes. The increase in size ensures they can support the weight. Under stress, a disk's inner material may swell, pushing through its tough outer membrane. L2 is the lowest vertebral segment that contains spinal cord. Horses typically have 205 bones. Anatomical terms of bone. Gross anatomy. skin of brow, epicranial aponeurosis. Dogs most often genetically inherit congenital spinal and vertebral malformations (as opposed to adverse conditions during fetal development). In vertebrates, thoracic vertebrae compose the middle segment of the vertebral column, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. While the C7 vertebra is similar to C6, it has a few unique features:A lumbar disk replacement is a type of back or spine surgery. Figure 4. Cervical spondylosis, also called arthritis of the neck, is the age-related slow degeneration of your disks and joints in your cervical spine. This is typically an unstable fracture. Search drug information, interaction, images & medical diagnosis. Your thoracic spine is the middle section of your spine. Hence meaning 1. Because of this, the vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness going down the vertebral column. A fractured spine is a medical term for breaking any of your vertebrae, the 33 bones that make up your spinal column. Compared to the cervical and thoracic regions, the lumbar vertebral group has a larger spinal canal diameter, on average, with. A dislocation is when the vertebrae do not line up correctly or are out of place. They are cartilaginous joints that allow for. vertebral: [adjective] of, relating to, or being vertebrae or the vertebral column : spinal. The best way to prevent osteoporosis is by doing regular weight-bearing. Each vertebra is held to the others by groups of ligaments. C7 has a longer spinous process (bony protrusion), which can be felt in the back of the neck. It can be divided into 5 regions, each characterized by different types of vertebrae: Cervical region (7 vertebrae) Thoracic region (12 vertebrae) Lumbar region (5 vertebrae)Position of human lumbar vertebrae (shown in red). The point at which superior and articular facets meet is known as a facet, or zygapophyseal, joint. This article will describe the anatomy and function of the intervertebral joints. 4. Recovery. Trouble with coordination or walking. Transitional vertebrae are typically congenital, meaning they are present from birth, and usually do not cause any symptoms. A single bone in your spine is a vertebra — vertebrae is. See The C1-C2 Vertebrae and Spinal Segment. Congenital vertebral anomalies include alterations of the shape and number. When viewed from the side, the spine has an S-shape. Butterfly vertebra in two patients: Coronal reformatted image from a non-contrast CT of the spine (a) and coronal T1-weighted MR image of the upper thoracic spine (b) both demonstrate separate ossification centres on each side of the vertebral body (marked by asterisks). superior to the sella turcica. Ribs. Hold for a few seconds and release. The C1 vertebra, aka the atlas, supports the skull at the atlanto-occipital joint (see Image. The atlas is located at the top of the neck, just inferior to the condyles of the occipital bone of the. T1 connects to the first rib with costovertebral joints. intertubercular lamella of the transverse process. The most important factor in determining the best treatment for a compression fracture is. The vertebrae are divided into three regions: cervical C1–C7 vertebrae, thoracic T1–T12 vertebrae, and lumbar L1–L5 vertebrae. The coccyx can be a source of pain in many people. The crack may affect only one side, but it is not uncommon to have fractures on. The meninges. Your surgeon will gently push away the muscles of your back with a special tool. The arch is formed by the paired pedicles and paired laminae. ), authorized by Malta Financial. Collarbone (Clavicle) Fractures: A Guide to Recovery After Surgery • 104 - 3551 Blanshard St. Road traffic accidents have been mostly. First, I would like to provide you the most important and exceptional osteological features of pig skeleton anatomy. This surgery is designed to improve spinal stability and reduce pain in conditions that cause spinal malalignment or spinal degeneration. C1 and C2 form a unique set of articulations that provide a great degree of. Spinal fusion is surgery to connect two or more bones in any part of the spine. Vertebrae: Your spine has 33 stacked vertebrae (small bones) that form the spinal canal. Bulging or herniated disks: Between each vertebra is a flat, round cushioning pad (vertebral disk) that acts as a shock absorber. ; Osteoporotic spinal fractures are unique in that they may occur without apparent trauma. The vertebral column, commonly referred to as the spine or spinal column, consists of 33 vertebrae organized in 5 main regions: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4. Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. The specific anatomy of intervertebral discs is covered in the. The arch extends a spinous process (projection) downward and backward that may be felt as a series of bumps down the back, and two transverse processes, one to…. However, an injury can occur too quickly for the vertebra to be repaired, and this leads to a crack in the pars. The vertebral arch has 3 bony protrusions: a prominent spinous process in the middle and. This condition or weakness can occur in up to 5% of children as young as. The pelvic limb typically contains 19 bones, while the thoracic limb contains 20 bones. Invertebrates don't have a backbone. It is commonly damaged from trauma due to falls and can. It is made up of five distinct vertebrae, which are the largest of the vertebral column. The C2 vertebra is the axis which the C1 vertebra pivots around and lets us move our skulls from side to side in a horizontal motion. The sacral spine consists of five segments, S1 - S5, that together affect nerve communication to the lower portion of the body. Red A: the joint between the mandible and quadrate. These nerves are integral to the PNS because they control motor, sensory, and autonomic functions between the spinal cord and the body. A nerve cord is enclosed by vertebrae — individual bones that make up a vertebrate's spine. There are many types of fractures and dislocations that can happen. In lumbar artificial disk replacement, worn or damaged disk material between the small bones in the spine (vertebrae) is removed and replaced with a prosthetic, or artificial disk. A fractured spine is a medical term for breaking any of your vertebrae, the 33 bones that make up your spinal column. This robust bone can endure a. Spinal Anatomy and Back Pain. The vertebra is separated by an intervertebral disc, which is absent between C1-C2. Spinal cord compression can often be helped with medicines, physical therapy, or other treatments. joint stiffness. This vertebra is named C1. Most spinal cord injuries are the result of a sudden, traumatic blow to the vertebrae. First Cervical Vertebra). discomfort when sitting. The lumbosacral joint is the joint that connects these bones. The $217 million project consists of the installation of a stainless steel net, 20 feet below the sidewalk on both sides of the bridge, according to Golden Gate Bridge. It is located in close proximity to the thyroid cartilage. This online quiz is called vertebrae anatomy. Numbered C1 to C7, there are seven cervical vertebrae. B) flat bone. Your thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae, labeled T1 through T12. Spinal anatomy. One lumbar vertebra that may be considered atypical. B) flat bone. First, the vertebral body is absent, allowing the ring-shaped C1 to accommodate the spinal cord as it exits the foramen magnum. The first seven vertebra are called your cervical vertebrae, with C1 being closest to the base of your skull, and C7 being the last vertebra in this section. WebMD describes the condition and explains how it's treated. The vertebral column (also known as the backbone or the spine), is a column of approximately 33 small bones, called vertebrae. Overview. vertebrae definition: 1. The sacrum is a single bone comprised of five separate vertebrae. They can involve a single or multiple. A cane or walker can help you keep your balance when you walk. These include two superior articular processes, two inferior articular processes, two transverse processes, and a spinous process. The junction where the skull and the C1 vertebra meet forms a joint that allows the head to nod. The sacrum ( pl. Supination is the motion that moves the ______________. function in muscle anchorage. Most of the time, non-surgical treatment can relieve the pain in your back and increase your physical functioning. 5. Compression fractures of the spine usually occur at the bottom part of the thoracic spine (T11 and T12) and the first vertebra of the lumbar spine (L1). Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord between each vertebra. The delicate structure of the cervical spine, which houses the spinal cord, is very strong and flexible. Anterior ArchFracture of a vertebra. Yeah, that appears to be a whale vertebra. The bones of the forelimb are modified for flight with feathers, and wing bones are hollow. Vertebral arch or neural arch (a rcus vertebrae) is made up of two pedicles, two laminae, and a spinous process. Advertisement. The vertebral column is divided into five regions and consists of 33 vertebrae interlaced by strong joints and ligaments . Although a sudden onset of spinal subluxation is rare, it can happen. The "mid-thoracic" vertebra is in the middle of the spine. This bony structure helps protect the internal viscera –. There is lack of consensus and paucity of. While the L3-L4 motion segment is less likely to be injured compared to its lower counterparts, it may be subject to degeneration. Each intervertebral joint is a complex of three separate joints; an intervertebral disc joint (intervertebral symphysis) and two zygapophyseal (facet) joints. The canine atlas, or C1 vertebra (see Figure 5-12), has a transverse foramen in each transverse process, a craniodorsal arch, and right and left lateral vertebral foramina for the passage of cervical spinal nerve 1. The twelve thoracic vertebrae are strong bones that are located in the middle of the vertebral column, sandwhiched between the cervical ones above and the lumbar vertebrae below. Damage to the lumbar spinal cord subsequently affects the. Regarded as the keystone of the human body, the sacrum is important because it forms a link between the spine and the. T1 is the first thoracic vertebra. A typical vertebra will consist of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven processes (Figure 7. First, the vertebral body is absent, allowing the ring-shaped C1 to accommodate the spinal cord as it exits the foramen magnum. S1 consists of a body on the top with wing-shaped bones on either side, called the alae. Spondylolisthesis is a slipping of vertebra that occurs, in most cases, at the base of the spine. Intervertebral disc.